Love contributes to health.
It doesn’t stop with counting blessings. It’s not abstract. It’s deeply physical.
Let’s follow the argument made by Barbara Fredrickson during the IPPA World Congress.
Broad and Build Review
Barbara Fredrickson’s Broaden and Build theory explains why humans have evolved to have positive emotions. What good are they? What is their functional value?
- Positive emotions expand awareness. Minds can open or close, and positive emotions lead to openness.
- Positive emotions build resources. We are all socially connected, and positive emotions are nutrients, like fruits and veggies, for these relationships.
- Positive emotions unlock other-focus and help us break self absorption.
With positive emotions, connections become more salient. Perspective taking improves, and divisions fade.
What Love is Not
Building up to a description of what love is and does, Fredrickson was careful to talk about what love is NOT:
- Love is not sexual desire.
- Love is not a special bond with a partner or family.
- Love is not commitment.
- Love is not exclusive.
- Love is not lasting. No emotion lasts long.
- Love is not unconditional.
This last bullet threw me for a loop, but we’ll get back to it below.
What is Love?
There are two areas of the social sciences that study love: emotion science and relationship science.
Relationship science casts love as:
- Investment in the well-being of the other for his or her own sake
- Perceived responsiveness, or ‘he/she gets me’, the feeling of being understood, validated, and cared for
As a researcher in the emotion science realm, Fredrickson claims that emotion science can add:
- A momentary lens of seconds and minutes. You aren’t invested in your spouse’s well-being every moment of the day. Emotions are fleeting.
- Biobehavioral components. This is where mind and body are fused together.
Love is interpersonally situated experience marked by momentary increments in shared positive emotions, biobehavioral synchrony, and mutual care. Over time this builds: embodied rapport (we really ‘clicked’), social bonds, and commitment. In her book, Love 2.0, Fredrickson calls all of this positivity resonance.
So if love builds all of these things, why is love not unconditional? (I told you I would get back to this.) Well, love’s first precondition is safety. People do not experience love when they feel threatened. Love’s second precondition is connection. It means love is much easier when we are in the same space, have eye contact, and have touch and/or shared voice.
Research shows that smiles draw attention, and eye contact causes mimicry, which creates inter-subjectivity. All smiles aren’t created equal. Some are genuine, some are warm, some are social fakery, some imply feelings of social superiority, and so on. Mimicry helps us differentiate among different kinds of smiles. When we mimic someone else’s smile, the similarity in neural responses informs our guts. We are cut off from that wisdom if we don’t have eye contact.
That led to another interesting question. What is the evolutionary purpose of smiling? Various scientists have different explanations:
- Ekman: To express positivity
- Bachorowski and Owren: To evoke positivity (They started with laughter evoking laughter.)
- Niedenthal and colleagues: To evoke inter-subjectivity
- Gervais and Sloan Wilson: To broaden collective mindsets and build collective resources
According to Fredrickson, the answer is: All of the above.
Phone versus Heart
Fredrickson wrote a fantastic article for the NY Times Opinion column calledYour Phone vs. Your Heart. For an entire week it was the most emailed article on the Times website.
Many readers took issue with it because it said that you should not be on your phone while you are nursing your baby. As a nursing mother, I would say that I’d never get anything done if I didn’t occasionally check my phone while I was nursing my baby.
But Fredrickson makes a good point, “If you don’t regularly exercise your ability to connect face to face, you’ll eventually find yourself lacking some of the basic biological capacity to do so.” There is a use it or lose it logic here, just as there is for muscles.
“So the next time you see a friend, or a child, spending too much of their day facing a screen, extend a hand and invite him back to the world of real social encounters. You’ll not only build up his health and empathic skills, but yours as well. Friends don’t let friends lose their capacity for humanity.” ~ Barbara Fredrickson
How does Love Contribute to Health?
Fredrickson has done a lot of research on the relationship between positivity resonance and vagal tone, the quality of the connection between brain and heart. With high vagal tone, there is a very subtle variability in heart rate. The heart slows down when breathing in and speeds up when breathing out. The higher the vagal tone, the greater the heart rate variability. Those with higher vagal tone tend to have
- Better attention and emotion regulation
- Better social skills
- Better heart regulation
- Better immune function
- More micromoments of positivity resonance (PR)
Positivity Resonance: Shared Joy
Fredrickson has used loving kindness meditation (LKM) as an intervention to increase the experience of positivity resonance and has explored its relationship to vagal tone. The interrelationship is complicated. First, the higher the vagal tone to begin with, the more people appear to get out of a daily practice of LKM. But LKM can lead to more social connectedness and more shared positive emotion, which appear to increase vagal tone.
Thus the conceptual model is circular. Positive emotion leads to more perceived social connections which then leads to higher vagal tone. Higher vagal tone means you can extract more from the LKM intervention. Higher vagal tone also predicts the positive emotion yield of LKM. People who practiced LKM had more social connections and increases in vagal tone. Further studies are exploring the level and direction of causality.
So it appears that love creates health, and health creates love.
If Woody Allen was right and 98% of life is just showing up, apparently a large percentage of love is showing up too.
References
For more on Barbara Fredrickson’s work, visit the Positive Emotions and Psychophysiology Laboratory(a.k.a. PEPLab) or the site for her new book, Love 2.0. Dr. Fredrickson is teaching a master class on love for Mentor Coach, starting September 24, 2013.
Bachorowoski, J. & Owren, D. (2004). Laughing Matters. APA Science Brief.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Your phone vs your heart. New York Times Sunday Review.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Love 2.0: How Our Supreme Emotion Affects Everything We Feel, Think, Do, and Become. Hudson Street Press.
Gervais, M. & Wilson, D. S. (2005). The Evolutions and Functions of Laughter and Humor: A Synthetic Approach.” Quarterly Review of Biology. Press release: The first laugh: New study posits evolutionary origins of two distinct types of laughter.
Hegi, K., & Bergner, R. (2010). What is love? An empirically-based essentialist
account. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 620-636.
(reis, clark and holmes, 2004)
Johnson, K. J. & Fredrickson, B. L. (2005). “We all look the same to me:” Positive emotions eliminate the own-race bias in face recognition. Psychological Science, 16, 875-881.
Johnson, K. J., Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Smile to see the forest: Facially expressed positive emotions broaden cognition. Cognition & Emotion, 24, 299-321.
Keltner, D., Ekman, P., Gonzaga, G. C., & Beer, J. (2009). Facial Expression of Emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Sherer, & H. H. Goldsmith, Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp. 415-432). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
Kok, B.E. & Fredrickson, B.L. (2010). Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology, 85, 432-436.
Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., Brantley, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (in press). How positive emotions build physical health: Perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone. Psychological Science.
Niedenthal, P.M., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M. & Hess, U. (2010). The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression. Target article for Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 417–480.
Waugh, C. E. & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self-other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of new relationships. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 93-106.